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Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious virus that attacks the lining of the intestine. Its main signs are sudden watery or bloody diarrhoea, vomiting, loss of appetite and lethargy. Without treatment it can be fatal in puppies within 48–72 hours. It can be detected from a fresh stool sample with a home antigen rapid test in 5–10 minutes; a positive result needs immediate veterinary care.

For an adopted cat, the most important test is FIV/FeLV, before it meets your other cats; with diarrhoea, add panleukopenia and Giardia. In the first weeks: a separate room, its own bowls and litter tray, a vet examination and a repeat FIV/FeLV test after 60 days.

Giardia is a single-celled intestinal parasite that causes recurring, mucousy, foul-smelling diarrhoea in both dogs and cats. It is often misdiagnosed because cysts are shed intermittently: a single negative sample does not rule out infection. It can be detected from a stool sample with a home antigen rapid test; if symptoms persist, it is worth repeating the test within 2–3 days.

Before a litter goes to new homes, the most important screening is parvo and Giardia for puppies, and panleukopenia, Giardia and the parents' FIV/FeLV status for kittens. Tests are best done before vaccination or well apart from it, and the documented results should be handed over to the buyer.

FIV (feline AIDS) and FeLV (feline leukaemia) are viruses that infect only cats and can remain without symptoms for years. Every new, sick or exposed cat should be tested; a combined rapid test gives a result from one blood sample within minutes, and a positive result is confirmed by a vet.