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Canine parvovirus (CPV) is a highly contagious virus that attacks the lining of the intestine. Its main signs are sudden watery or bloody diarrhoea, vomiting, loss of appetite and lethargy. Without treatment it can be fatal in puppies within 48–72 hours. It can be detected from a fresh stool sample with a home antigen rapid test in 5–10 minutes; a positive result needs immediate veterinary care.

Giardia is a single-celled intestinal parasite that causes recurring, mucousy, foul-smelling diarrhoea in both dogs and cats. It is often misdiagnosed because cysts are shed intermittently: a single negative sample does not rule out infection. It can be detected from a stool sample with a home antigen rapid test; if symptoms persist, it is worth repeating the test within 2–3 days.

Canine enteric coronavirus (CCV) mainly causes diarrhoea in young puppies that is usually mild and clears up on its own, but together with parvo it can be fatal. Because it cannot be told apart from parvo by its symptoms, it is worth testing for both at the same time in a puppy with diarrhoea.